Flange are used to connect together pipes or to connect a pipe to a choke, tee, valve or other equipment. There are seven main types of flanges and they come in rectangular, square and round shapes to accommodate a variety of needs and projects.
Lap Joint Flange
For pipes that are frequently taken apart for repair or replacement, lap joint flanges are used. These flanges are used with a universal stub-end insert that is easily rotated and makes it easy to line up bolt holes. This type of flange is used for junctures that do not come in contact with anything flowing through the pipes, which increases their durability and renders them reusable. Caution should be taken not to use lap joint flanges for jobs where high temperatures or high pressure conditions are possible.
Slip-on Flange
Slip-on flanges are thinner than most flanges as they are slid over pipe ends, easily aligned with bolt holes, and then permanently welded into place. Unlike lap joint flanges, they are designed to withstand contact with liquids and can withstand low-pressure atmosphere. They are stronger than other flanges, low cost and dependable at preventing leaks.
Threaded Pipe Flange
This popular type of flange not only comes in a wide range of materials and sizes, it can also be attached to pipes without welding, as it is a threaded flange. Extremely useful in connecting small pipes, it is a low cost flange that can be safely used in highly explosive and high pressure areas of projects and machinery.
Weld Neck Flange
The most popular type of high pressure pipe flange is the weld neck flange. The tapered hub design provides an extremely strong connection and these flanges can be repeatedly manipulated and bent without compromising the quality of the material and/or connection. The weld neck flange is highly resistant to extreme high and low temperatures.
Socket Welding Flange
The socket welding flange was created specifically for small piping that must withstand high pressure and/or contact with chemicals. With expert grinding and welding, socket welding flanges allow the unfettered flow of any type of liquid.
Blind Flanges
These flanges are commonly used to seal or blank off the ends of valves and pipes. They are always round and have bolt holes around their perimeter. They are economical.
Reducing Flange
Some piping system designs require constant changes in pipe diameters to accommodate changing conditions. The reducing flange economically connects different types and sizes of flanges, can endure extreme changes in pressure and are easy to attach.
Creating the Effect
To produce the flanging effect, a flanger pedal mixes two identical signals together from your instrument. One of these signals is then delayed in varying amounts. The delayed track is slowed down very slightly (as if one was gently pushing down on a tape reel as playing and then sped up in order to catch up with the other track. This creates a spinning, sweeping effect like the sound of a jet plane passing overhead.
Delay Amounts
Although flanger pedals delay the copied signal, there is no echo heard. This is because the delay times amount only to the range of one to 10 milliseconds. The human ear can only distinguish an echo if the delay is over about 50 milliseconds. Instead, as the low amounts of delay are used and varied within this tiny range, the listener will only detect the pitch modulation from the delayed track as its signal is read slower (creating a slightly lower pitch) and then faster (for a higher pitch).
Controlling the Sound
Most flange pedals allow you to shape your sound by rotating dials that control the amount of delay added to the delayed signal. This is usually labeled as the "depth" control although on some pedals it will read "mix." The depth level determines how pronounced the notches in the flanger effect will sound. Some pedals also have a sweep depth (sometimes called width) dial to control how noticeable the pitch modulation in your flanger effect will be.
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